镉硫交互对东南景天抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过营养液培养试验研究不同硫镉水平对超积累东南景天抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,在增施镉水平下东南景天叶片的MDA含量随着硫水平增加显著降低,Cd0水平下S2处理显著降低MDA含量达12.4%。相反,东南景天叶片的MDA含量随着镉水平的提高显著增加18.4%～137.7%。镉硫交互对超积累东南景天叶片抗氧化酶活性有显著影响。超积累东南景天叶片SOD活性随着硫、镉水平的增加而增加,以S3〉S2〉S1,Cd100〉Cd10〉Cd0。增施硫显著提高Cd10和Cd100水平下东南景天叶片POD活性。在S1,S2水平下,增加Cd水平东南景天叶片POD活性显著增加,POD活性以Cd10〉Cd100〉Cd0。超积累东南景天叶片CAT活性随着硫水平增加而增加8.9%～21.3%,CAT活性随着Cd水平的增加而显著增加,增幅以S1和S2水平下较大。随着S,Cd水平的增加东南景天叶片的APX活性显著增加。镉硫交互对4种抗氧化酶的效应以APX〉CAT〉POD〉SOD。     

乌兰布和沙区绿洲农田土壤微生物及酶活性研究

以撂荒地为对照,通过测定0-20cm和20-40cm层次土样,利用统计分析方法系统研究乌兰布和沙区籽瓜、玉米、油葵和苜蓿地4种绿洲农田土壤微生物（细菌、放线菌和真菌）和土壤酶活性（蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和多酚氧化酶）特征。结果表明：（1）各农田微生物数量均为细菌（107）〉放线菌（105）〉真菌（103）,三者中,细菌数量占三大类微生物总数的99%以上;各农田表层微生物数量整体高于对照的,且表层均高于下层,但差异不显著;农田间,籽瓜地微生物数量最多;种植苜蓿可显著提升真菌数量。（2）6种酶活性中,仅蔗糖酶和脲酶在层次间和农田间存在显著差异;各农地表层蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶活性均高于对照的;除多酚氧化酶外,苜蓿地酶活性整体较高。（3）各生物学性质相互关联,互相影响。6种酶间呈显著或极显著相关,酶活性既显专性又显共性;蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、真菌和放线菌直接影响有机质含量的程度达85%;总体而言,乌兰布和沙区绿洲体系形成后,长期农作活动使得绿洲农田生物学性质得以改善,土壤质量整体有所提高;设法提高研究区土壤有机质含量是提高绿洲农田土壤质量和改善其生态环境的关键所在,应广种苜蓿。     

Soil amendment with agro‐industrial byproducts: molecular‐chemical compositions and effects on soil biochemical activities and phosphorus fractions

Environmental pollution by agro‐industrial byproducts in developing countries can be alleviated by recycling into soils. However, little is known about their chemical composition and impact on soil fertility. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were (1) to characterize the molecular‐chemical composition of dry (COD) and wet (COW) coffee, sisal (SIS), barley malt of brewery (BEB), and sugarcane processing (FIC) byproducts, and filter cakes of linseed (LIC) and niger seed (NIC) and (2) to evaluate their effects on respiration, pH, enzyme activities, and P fractions of a tropical soil. The agro‐industrial byproducts significantly differed in their concentrations of plant nutrients and organic‐matter compositions. The highest proportions of lipids, phenols + lignin monomers, and alkylaromatics were observed in COD, N‐containing compounds in COW, sterols in FIC, peptides in LIC, suberin in SIS, and fatty acid in COW and FIC. The application of the byproducts at the rate of 40 kg P ha^–1 (1.1 to 13.2 g C [kg soil]^–1) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the rate and cumulative soil respiration, soil pH, acid phosphatase and urease activities, and labile inorganic P over the control treatment. Ranking the qualities of the agro‐industrial byproducts for soil amendment based on their composition and effects on soil properties revealed the order NIC > LIC > BEB > COW > SIS > FIC > COD.     

安吉白茶阶段性返白过程中的生理生化变化

对安吉白茶春季返白过程中保护性酶活力及其生化成分的变化作了检测,结果表明,安吉白茶 芽梢在早春返白过程中,过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活力升高,而超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活 力降低;脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、叶绿素（ＣＨ）、儿茶素、咖啡因等含量则下降,芽梢复绿后,ＰＯＤ 活力降低,ＣＡＴ,ＳＯＤ 活力回升;叶绿素,ＭＤＡ,儿茶素和咖啡固含量也上升。     

发酵亚麻籽饼对肉鸡生长性能、免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究发酵亚麻籽饼对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化功能及免疫功能的影响.选取180只1日龄健康、体重约为(46.37±1.09)g的爱拔益嘉肉鸡,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡.试验分为两个阶段:前期(1～21 d)和后期(22～42 d).对照组(CON组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加5...     

Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions

 Soil organic matter level, mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils from a field experiment under a pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence receiving inorganic fertilizers and a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments for the last 11 years. The amounts of soil organic matter and mineralizable C and N increased with the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, there were greater increases of these parameters when farmyard manure, wheat straw or Sesbania bispinosa green manure was applied along with inorganic fertilizers. Microbial biomass C increased from 147 mg kg^–1 soil in unfertilized soil to 423 mg kg^–1 soil in soil amended with wheat straw and inorganic fertilizers. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of soils increased significantly with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments. The results indicate that soil organic matter level and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil, are enhanced by use of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizers. Received: 6 May 1998     

鱼腥草甲醇提取物体外抗氧化性及抑菌活性评价

采用α-脱氧核糖法、邻苯三酚自氧化法、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)法体外测定了鄂西北产鱼腥草甲醇提取物的抗氧化性,同时采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法评价了其对绿色木霉、啤酒酵母菌、黑曲霉、木质层孔菌及枯草芽孢杆菌等微生物的抑制作用。结果表明:鱼腥草甲醇提取物具有一定抗氧化性和抑菌活性,在试验浓度范围内,抗氧化活性及抑菌活性与其质量浓度呈量效关系。     

Ca2+和Sr2+联合处理对油菜抗氧化酶活性的影响

[目的]为了了解环境介质中同时存在Ca2+和Sr2+2种离子时油菜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性的变化。[方法]在石英砂和Hoagland营养液培养体系中,用浓度为0、10、20和40 mmol/L SrCl2及浓度为0、5和10 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2处理3叶龄油菜幼苗。在处理0、7、14和21 d后,分别取样测定POD、CAT和SOD的活性。[结果]在相同的Sr2+浓度下,随着Ca2+浓度的增加,POD活性增加,Ca2+明显缓解Sr2+对油菜幼苗的毒害作用。[结论]该研究从抗氧化角度初步阐明油菜具有较高富集Sr2+能力的机理,为利用油菜对锶污染环境进行植物修复提供理论依据。     

SODM对水稻结实期叶片中保护性酶系的影响

[目的]探明超氧化物歧化酶模拟物(SODM)对水稻结实期体内保护性酶活性的影响。[方法]采用杂交稻和常规稻品种为材料,对它们喷施SODM后测定水稻叶片保护酶系活性与抗坏血酸、丙二醛、过氧化氢和活性氧自由基含量。[结果]SODM处理能够显著增加水稻结实期叶片中SOD、POD及CAT活性,使叶片中MDA、SO2-和H2O2含量维持在较低水平,减轻水稻被过氧化程度。[结论]SODM提高了植物体内抗氧化保护酶活性及其清除活性氧自由基的能力,进而延缓水稻的衰老,增强了结实中后期叶片光合作用产生的能力,有助于提高水稻的产量及品质。     

硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施对番茄生长及氮代谢酶活性的影响

在日光温室盆栽条件下,研究了尿素(U)、硫包膜控释尿素(SCU,控释期4个月)和树脂包膜控释尿素(RCU,控释期6个月)混施(各提供50%氮素)在同等氮素及减氮30%、50%条件下,对番茄生长、光合作用及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,所有取样时期,番茄叶片中叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、净光合速率(Pn)及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性均随氮素用量减少而下降,进而表现为番茄株高和茎粗随之降低。同等氮素条件下定植30 d后,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施处理其NR、GS和GOGAT活性均低于尿素处理,Chla、Chlb、Car含量和Pn无显著差异;定植60 d和90 d后,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施处理所有指标均高于尿素,且定植60 d后,在减氮30%条件下,其叶片中Chla、Chlb、Car含量、Pn及NR、GS和GOGAT活性与100%尿素处理差异不显著,番茄株高和茎粗长势良好。综上所述,硫包膜控释尿素和树脂包膜控释尿素混施在番茄生长中后期养分释放规律与番茄需肥规律基本一致,能促进光合色素合成和氮代谢相关酶活性,延缓叶片衰老,更有利于番茄产量的提高。